HINDI RELATED CONTENT | WIKIPEDIA |
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Hindustani orthography
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अ | आ | इ | ई | उ | ऊ | ए | ऐ | ओ | औ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | ā | i | ī | u | ū | e | ai | o | au |
क | ख | ख़ | ग | ॻ | ग़ | घ | ङ | ||
k | kʰ | x | ɡ | ɠ | ɣ | ɡʱ | ŋ | ||
च | छ | ज | ॼ | ज़ | झ | ञ | |||
c | cʰ | ɟ | ʄ | z | ɟʱ | ɲ | |||
ट | ठ | ड | ॾ | ड़ | ढ | ढ़ | ण | ||
ʈ | ʈʰ | ɖ | ɗ | ɽ | ɖʱ | ɽʱ | ɳ | ||
त | थ | द | ध | न | |||||
t | tʰ | d | dʱ | n | |||||
प | फ | फ़ | ब | ॿ | भ | म | |||
p | pʰ | f | b | ɓ | bʱ | m | |||
य | र | ल | व | ||||||
j | r | l | ʋ | ||||||
श | ष | स | ह | ||||||
ɕ | ʂ | s | h |
The schwa (अ or 'ə', sometimes written as 'a') implicit in each consonant of the Devanagri script is "obligatorily deleted" in Hindi at the end of words and in certain other contexts.[2] This phenomenon has been termed the "schwa syncope rule" or the "schwa deletion rule" of Hindi.[1][2] One formalization of this rule has been summarized as ə -> ø | VC_CV. In other words, when a vowel-preceded consonant is followed by a vowel-succeeded consonant, the schwa inherent in the first consonant is deleted.[1][3] However, this formalization is inexact and incomplete (i.e. sometimes deletes a schwa when it shouldn't or, at other times, fails to delete it when it should), and can yield errors. Schwa deletion is computationally important because it is essential to building text-to-speech software for Hindi.[3][4]
As a result of schwa syncope, the correct Hindi pronunciation of many words differs from that expected from a literal rendering of Devanagari. For instance, राम is Rām (incorrect: Rāma), रचना is Rachnā (incorrect: Rachanā), वेद is Véd (incorrect: Véda) and नमकीन is Namkeen (incorrect Namakeen).[3][4]
The Perso-Arabic script is an extension of the Arabic alphabet. It is written from right to left, and most letters connect to each other. This leads to different forms of a letter depending on its position in a word, although the different forms generally resemble each other. Most vowels are omitted in normal texts, although they may be written for disambiguation or pedagogical purposes. Urdu is primarily written in a calligraphic style of the script called Nasta'liq.
جھ | ڄ | ج | پ | ث | ٺ | ٽ | ٿ | ت | ڀ | ٻ | ب | ا |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ɟʱ | ʄ | ɟ | p | s | ʈʰ | ʈ | tʰ | t | bʱ | ɓ | b | * |
ڙ | ر | ذ | ڍ | ڊ | ڏ | ڌ | د | خ | ح | ڇ | چ | ڃ |
ɽ | r | z | ɖʱ | ɖ | ɗ | dʱ | d | x | h | cʰ | c | ɲ |
ڪ | ق | ڦ | ف | غ | ع | ظ | ط | ض | ص | ش | س | ز |
k | q | pʰ | f | ɣ | ∅ | z | t | z | s | ? | s | z |
ي | ه | و | ڻ | ن | م | ل | ڱ | گھ | ڳ | گ | ک | |
* | h | * | ɳ | n | m | l | ŋ | ɡʱ | ɠ | ɡ | kʰ |
See Also: Nasta'liq script
The Latin alphabet has been used to write Hindustani for technological or internationalization reasons. Roman Urdu uses the Basic Latin alphabet. It is most commonly used by young native speakers for technological applications, such as chat, emails and SMS.
ITRANS, ISCII, IAST, and Harvard-Kyoto romanization schemes have been employed primarily for usage by non-native speakers who are more familiar with the Latin alphabet.
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